PALLET

ASK FOR AN ESTIMATE FOR PALLET:

SOME INFORMATION ABOUT PALLETS:

PALLET QUANTITY : this information is essential to formulate a personalised estimate; it is also important to indicate if it concerns a SPOT or CONSTANT request (you have to specify if the contract of purchase is of 12 months or more).

TYPE OF PALLET : this depends on the intended use of pallet. If it is used for handling of the warehouse of goods without specific regulations or restrictions different pallets of variable dimensions, weight and load capacity are possible. For what concerns food & beverage and pharmaceuticals the use of pallet EPAL- EUR is unavoidable. The pallet EPAL-EUR is the European standard which allows a good load capacity, a long duration, standard weight and dimensions, respecting what is provided for by the ISPM-15 standard, relative to phytosanitary measures. Instead, in other cases, it is possible to require different pallets according to the intended use, with different dimensions, weight, load capacity and lower cost. There are also special pallets not in wood, but in plastic or in metal.

INCOTERMS AND PLACE OF DELIVERY OF THE GOODS : There are different terms of return, commonly known as Incoterms 2010, according to the supplier or the place of delivery of the pallets. In most cases, the product will be Delivered Duty Paid Buyer Warehouse or through Incoterms 2010 DAT, DAP, unless the customer enterprise has other preferences.

CERTIFICATION OF THE PRODUCT: the EPAL mark printed on every pallet assure that pallet meets with the standard characteristics provided for by the product itself. Possible further certificates can be required and conferred but they can involve further costs.

CONTACT US to require an OFFER indicating in the contact form to follow, the references of the applicant / business buyer, and the TYPE of PALLET of interest, the QUANTITY (indicating if it is a SPOT or CONSTANT request), PLACE OF DELIVERY, possible specific requests relative to particular ties.
You will be contacted as soon as possible for an OFFER! Thank you for contacting us and for your Attention!

OTHERS PAGES THAT YOU COULD CONSIDER INTERESTING:

- Firewood
- Pellet
- Trading and Commodities

PALLET USES

Pallet is a very important object made of several materials such as wood, plastic, metal according to different needs. It is used for:

- lean materials and stock them in a storage or a deposit;
- a complete packaging of a product for to supply it to a customer;
- to prevent damage to stocked goods or supplied that may touch water, soils or humid surfaces;
- move goods in industrial warehouses with forklifts;
- move goods from deposits to warehouses to economic operators of different nature in the domestic market (suppliers, customers, mediators, wholesalers, distributors etc…);
- for export and international trade where the logistic aspect requires border crossings, stocking in VTA deposits or consignment stock in foreign storages.

ORIGIN AND PALLET HISTORY

The pallet was created during the second world war to facilitate transport of army equipments from America and Europe. Using wood supports they understand that it was easier to move object difficult to transport.

The civil use was consecutive and in a few time it extended in every field. At the beginning everyone produced pallets of different dimensions , then people started to make standard pallets accepted in always wider areas, especially for train transport and to facilitate international trade and to move goods in several countries.

Even thought there are different kind of pallets, made of wood, plastic and iron, pallets made of wood are the most used.
Currently in Italy there are 30 million wooden pallets, of which 4 million in the EPAL version or Euro Pallet or EPL-EUR of 800 x 1200 x 145 mm, this brand is registered and it has a high quality standard, load charge admitted, duration and warranty of treatment against parasites.

Also CP pallets require the respect of norms, specifically ISPM-15 (ISPM is the acronym of International Standard for Phyotosanitary Measures) an interntional standard for phyotosanitary measures that includes guidelines of packaging measures and the Heat Treatment (HT) s IPPC (International Convention for Plant Protection)and requirements respect FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) standard recognised by WTO (World Trade Organization).
See also Central Phyotosanitary Service.

In the past the Phyotosanitary according to he norm n. 2000/29 of 5/5/2000 it was mandatory at European level for vegetal origin the fumigation treatment with methyl bromide and derivates of pallets, because of the presence of parsites and microorganisms that attack wood; currently fumigation is forbidden for negative consequences and risks for human beings to use pallets after this treatment. It has been replaced with heat treatments and dessication in suitable rooms.

For these reasons the EPAL is used by logistics operators and supplying companies that move food and pharmaceutical products, because it ensures that good maintain their characteristics while supplied and it ensures that pallets will last for a long period even if they are stressed.

The term Pallet is used at international level, in Italian it may be also called platform.
Currently there are many machines that automatically operate with pallets in warehouses , it is called automatic pallet and pallet moving and stocking, full or empty, packaging with wrapper.

SOME EXAMPLES OF WOOD PALLETS ON THE MARKET AND THEIR TECHINCAL CHARATCTERISTICS

EPAL o EPAL-EUR
- pallet dimensions: 800 x 1200 x 145 mm;
- weight: 25,6 kg;
- load capacity: 2000 kg.

CP Pallet ( CP1, CP2, CP3, CP4, CP5, CP6, CP7, CP8, CP9, CP10)
Example Pallet CP1
- pellet dimensions: 1000 x 1200 x 138 mm;
- weight 29,1 kg;
- load capacity: 1000 kg.

PALLET 1000 X 1200 ( 4 versions with load capacity of 400 kg, 800 kg, 1200 kg, 1600 kg)
Example 1
- pallet dimensions: 1000 x 1200 x117 mm;
- weight 15,7 kg;
- load capacity 400 kg.

Example 2
- pallet dimensions: 1000 x 1200 x 138 mm;
- weight 34,7 kg;
- load capcity: 1600 kg.

PALLET 800 X 1200 (versions with load capacity of 400 kg, 800 kg, 1200 kg, a 1600 kg)
Example 1
- pallet dimensions: 800 x 1200 x 117 mm
- weight: 13,2 kg;
- load capacity : 400 kg.

Example 2
- pallet dimensions: 800 x 1200 x 138 mm
- weight: 29,2 kg;
- load capacity: 1600 kg.

PALLET 600 X 800 ( 4 versions with load capacity of 400 kg, 800 kg, 1200 kg, fino a 1600 kg)
Example 1
- pallet dimensions: 600 x 800 x 117 mm
- weight: 8,5 kg;
- load capacity: 400 kg.

Example 2
- pallet dimensions: 600 x 800 x 135 mm
- weight: 13,5 kg;
- load capacity: 1600 kg.

INDEX

PALLET CUSTOMISATION according to specific needs

EXAPMPLES:

FIREWOOD AND TRADING

ASK FOR AN ESTIMATE FOR FIREWOOD

IBS take care of the trading and marketing of FIREWOOD in bulk, through the direct contact with reliable producers of high amounts for domestic consumption or export, with producer businesses recognised and certified by organisations which certificate the product quality and the producing capacity.

We would like to come into contact with PURCHASERS, WHOLESALERS, BUYERS and DISTRIBUTORS of firewood.

SOME INFORMATION ABOUT AVAILABLE FIREWOOD:

PLACE OF ORIGIN OF FIREWOOD : specially Ukraine, Moldova, Romania and Russia. However, other origins for firewood are possible.

TYPE OF WOOD : Different kinds of wood are possible, such as fir, walnut, chestnut, oak, birch, robinia, ash, poplar, etc.

TYPE OF CUT : Usually the standard cut is about 27-30 cm. However, if specific request should be present (for example 50 cm or 1 metre) they can be underlined at the moment of the request.

DAMPNESS % : THE TYPE OF WOOD COMING FROM Ukraine and Moldova is drier, the wood coming from Romania has usually a higher dampness % and consequently a lower calorific value.

TIMES OF DELIVERY OF THE GOODS : after confirmation of the order about 1,5- 2 days if the firewood comes from Romania, 2-3 days if it comes from Moldova, 7-8 days if the origin of the firewood is Ukrainian leaving from the port of Odessa.

TERMS OF DELIVERY AND LOGISTICS : DELIVERY AND TRANSPORT BY ROAD THROUGH LORRY/ ARTICULATED LORRY FROM Romania and Moldova, through ship from Ukraine. The cost through ship is always more economic of that through transport by road . Also the transport by train is possible. However, the costs are accounted for only if other terms of delivery aren’t possible and for high amounts.

MINIMUM QUANTITY : 1 twenty-foot container (with cellophane locking)

TERMS OF PAYMENT : For the first supply or the first trial containers or for spot supplies, the payment of the goods must occur after the lading of the firewood on the container ready for the delivery and provided with high-security padlocks. After a local check by our staff and after the payment through bank credit transfer, the goods will be sent. The goods are provided with insurance from the supplier. For constant supplies, after the first trial containers, the term of payment with LC (letter of credit) is available .

CONTACT US

to ask for an OFFER indicating your data and the type of firewood of interest, the QUANTITY ( SPECIFYING IF IT IS A CONSTANT OR SPOT OFFER), the DESTINATION that is the PLACE OF DELIVERY of the GOODS, the kind of cut required, and if possible a RANGE OF PRICE or a PRICE above which the goods aren’t considered of interest.

We will contact you to provide you information and an estimate. Thank you for your kind attention!

OTHER PAGES WHICH COULD INTEREST YOU:

- Pallet
- Pellet
- Trading and Commodities

INTRODUCTION ON WOOD

The value of the wood is strictly connected to its energy content. Under certain conditions, it can be a fuel and it produces thermal energy potentially retractable.There are several types of wood, with different mix and degree of dampness

UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF THE FIREWOOD AND WOODFUELS VOLUME

CM or CUBIC METRE (full wood) m3; generally used for wood logs;

SM (stere meter) it is used for masses of wood fuels containing empty spaces whose dimensions depend on the size of each wood. The stere meter can be divided into:

 STCM(stacked cubic meter): it consists of a pile of logs that measures 3 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet. It is generally used for for firewood arranged in logs well stacked. This unit of measurement takes into account both the wood and the empty spaces.

 LCM (loose cubic metre). It is the equivalent of the wood amount contained in a 3 feet by 3 feet by 3 feet trunk, non-arranged wood. It is often used for firewood not stacked in logs. Apparently, it is as well a unit of measurement taking into account both the wood and the empty spaces between the wood.

TON (t) traditionally used as unit of measurement for weighed firewood. It is the equivalent of 1000 kilogrammes (kg) and 10 quintals.

VOLUME AND WEIGHT

Specific weight of some kinds of wood: OAK 1,1 t/cm, BEECH 1,05 t/cm, CHERRY 1 T/cm, ROBINIA 1,05 t/cm, HOMBEAM 1,05 t/cm
In case of relative dampness > 50%, we can consider the wood as damp wood.

WEIGHT CONVERSION – VOLUME FOR CUT CHOPPED WOOD to 50%, totally abstract schedule ( the weight of the volume varies depending on the dampness)

*For what concerns lcm the length of wood logs is about 40 cm; if the length was 30 cm the wood would settle decreasing in volume, so 1 lcm of wood chopped close-cut would weigh more.

CALORIFIC VALUE (CV) and ENERGY DENSITY (E)

- CALORIFIC VALUE: generally referred to the Lower Calorific Value, it corresponds to the thermal energy emanated during the entire burning of a material, depending on the unit of weight used, usually expressed in MJ/kg or kW/kg.

- ENERGY DENSITY: it is obtained by the quotient of energy content and the stearic volume. It is expressed in MJ/sm or kWh/ms.

What can affect or determine the energy content? The weight and the moisture content (%M) or dampness.
In effects, the wood material is not present in nature in the anhydrous state, but it always has a variable percentage of dampness, given that it is chemically subject to the water absorbency, also due to the macroporosity, the parenchymal constitution of the cells and the chemical and histological composition.

The dampness is expressed as water percentage, as anhydrous dry basis wt%, or as the water content on a wet basis (M%).
Obviously, the more the dampness degree increases, the more the calorific value of the firewood decreases, because part of the heat, which is engaged in the evaporation of the water contained in the wood, is not available for the thermal use required.

The water requires 2,44 MJ/kg to evaporate, which correspond to the waste heat. The are two different kinds of measurement of the heat produced, depending on the consideration of water in its liquid or gaseous state. In the case of water in a liquid state the reference is to HCV (higher calorific value), whether if we consider the gaseous state, and consequently the heat extracted to reach it, the reference is to LCV (lower calorific value).

There is a slight difference among the calorific values of the different types of wood, always referred to the same water content; however, the broad-leaved wood has a calorific value of 17,6 MJ/kg just below that of the conifers, which is 18,1 MJ/kg at anhydrous state.

The water content for damp wood can exceed 50%, while it falls to 20% after the weathering of the timber. This means an increase of the calorific value up to 80% in case of dry wood. The % of cinders, another typical component of the wood, generally lies between 0,2 and 0,50 %

SOME EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF WOOD AND THEIR CALORIFIC VALUES
(expressed in kWh/kg)

- beech: 4
- maple, elm, poplar, Robinia: 4,1
- oak, ash: 4,2
- larch: 4,3
- douglas fir, pine: 4,4
- fir, spruce: 4,5

ENERGY CONTENT AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

- International System: MJ/m3, MJ/Kg, MJ/sm, kWh/m3, kWh/kg, kWh/sm;
- other units of measurement: kcal/m3, kcal/kg, toe/m3, toe/t, Btu/m3, Btu/kg;
1 kWh= 860 Kcal= 3,6 MJ
1 MJ= 239 Kcal = 0,278 kWh

SOURCES
- Agriforenergy.com
- CIA Italian Confederation of Farmers
- AIEL Italian Agroforestry Energy Association
- A. Jonas

TRADING PELLET

ASK FOR AN ESTIMATE FOR PELLET:

SOME INFORMATION ABOUT PELLETS:

QUANTITY OF PELLET : this is an essential information to get to formulate an offer; moreover it is important to specify if the request that you are making is a SPOT or CONSTANT request and in that case whether there is to be a contract of purchase of 12 months or more.
PACKAGING : this depends on the supplier. However, usually 15 kg BAGS, BIG BAGS of different sizes ( 186 kg or more) or BULKS are possible. The smaller is the packaging size, the higher is the cost for tonne.
PLACE OF DELIVERY OF THE GOODS AND INCOTERMS : THERE ARE DIFFERENT TERMS OF RETURNS ACCORDING TO THE SUPPLIER AND THE PLACE OF DELIVERY OF THE PELLETS. In most cases, unless the client has different preferences, the product can be delivered duty paid customer enterprise or through Incoterms 2010 DAT, DAP.
LENGTH : the most required standard of length for the pellet is 6 mm. However, if any particular need should be present, it is preferable to indicate the dimension on the request.
COLOUR : on the basis of the material of which the pellet is made it can be of different colours, from cream-white to brown. Please specify the colour required if this aspect represents a binding element.
ASHES % : please specify the remaining ashes % which are desired or accepted from the buyer. It would be preferable if this value could be expressed as follows: “ ashes below 2%”, “below 1%”, “below 0,50 %” or indicate the value in your case.
PRODUCT CERTIFICATION : the product can be delivered with the EN PLUS A1 / A2, DIN PLUS certification and sometimes the production of the certification has an extra cost.
CERTIFICATION OF ABSENCE OF RADIOACTIVITY : IN THE PAST AND ONLY FOR UKRAINE / BIELORUSSIAN PELLET A CERTIFICATION FOR THE ABSENCE OF RADIOACTIVITY ON THE PRODUCT WAS REQUIRED. However, it is unusual that this is required also for the two territories specified.

CONTACT US to require an ESTIMATE indicating your references and the TYPE of PELLET of interest, the QUANTITY (specifying if it is a constant or spot request), PLACE OF DELIVERY of pellets, possible specification relative to PACKAGING, LENGTH of pellet, COLOUR of pellet, REMAINING ASHES, CERTIFICATION if required.

We will contact you as soon as possible to communicate the information required and to formulate an OFFER ! Thank you for contacting us and for your Attention!

OTHER PAGES THAT COULD INTEREST YOU:

- Firewood
- Pallet
- Trading and Commodities

WHAT IS PELLET

Pellet is a biofuel that comes in little cylinders, ranging from 10 to 50 mm long and from 6 to 10 mm diameter; they are made of wood or by-products from wood or cellulose production, such as wood chips, beech, fir and pine sawdust, of pine cones, cellulose waste and by-products of paper-making. Other materials used are by-products of seeds processing or vegetable biomass processing, like rapeseed oil, vegetable oil, and so on.

RAW MATERIAL FOR PELLET PRODUCTION

Raw materials need to be pollutant and chemicals free, which might originate steam, gas or dangerous and toxic substances when burning. Moreover, it is important to dry raw materials, so that their residual relative humidity is not too high: around 15%. This percentage should guarantee the correct compression. The quality of the original raw materials determines the quality of the pellet, and therefore cost reduction for pellet production.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Pellet is obtained through the following manufacturing process: firstly, a system of cylinders compresses the raw material, which is introduced through some auger conveyors. Secondly, the material passes through the holes of a wiredrawing machine at controlled temperature: this machine produces a continuous filament that needs to be cut and reduced to small cylinders of the desired size, according to its various purposes. Those cylinders are then air cooled.

CHEMICAL PROCESS

Lignin overlaying cellulose turns into adhesive during the compression: its properties will give a compact product without adding too much chemicals. The final product is a fuel that guarantees great performances. Some other substances, like starch and flour, may be added to the mixture as to facilitate compression (2% maximum). They increase resistance to abrasion. Powder elements should not exceed 1% in the final product.

PELLET COMBUSTION

Pellet and solid biomass combustion, that are increasingly growing, produces carbon dioxide, gases typical of vegetal biomasses and some ashes, whose percentage varies according to the raw materials used.
High-quality pellet usually have less than 0.50% of ash content, whereas medium-quality pellet around 1%; finally, poorer quality pellet has up to 1.50% of ash content. Due to raw material compression, pellet has a double calorific value than firewood, volume being equal. You can use pellet fuel into latest generation stoves and you can obtain some incentives or tax deduction when purchasing one of them. They are more fuel-efficient and eco-friendly compared to traditional woodstoves, thus allowing saving money on heating.

ECOLOGY

As stated before, pellet fuel can be obtained from raw materials apart from cellulose: therefore, by using several different by-products, pellet manufacturing saves plants and forests.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF PELLET AND INDICATIVE VALUES

Lenght: 10 – 50 mm
Diametre: 6 – 10 mm
Bulk density: 1150 – 1400 kg/m3
Stacked Volume: 600-650 stacked m3
Moisture content level: 8-12 %
Calorific value: 4.7-5 KWh/kg
Ash: 0.30 – 1.5%

SOURCES

- Agriforenergy
- CIA Confederazione Italiana Agricoltori (Italian Confederation of Farmers)